بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الدرس الثامن أهلا بكم في الدرس الثامن من سلسلة دروس تعلم 3D Xna (السلسلة الثانية)، في هذا الدرس سوف نقوم بتحريك الطائرة بناء على مدخلات المستخدم. *ملاحظة: ما سنقوم بعمله يسمى “Flight kinematics”، أو “kinematics” لوحدها، حيث يعبر هذا المصطلح عن علم الحركة المجردة! الآن لدينا الكاميرا تتموضع فوق الطائرة، حان الوقت لجعل الطائرة تطير. سوف يتم عمل ذلك من خلال الدالة Update. في الطائرة الحقيقية، عندما تتحرك إلى اليسار، يتم تعديل لوحات التوجيه “flaps” بحيث تدور الطائرة حول محورها المتجه إلى الأمام. بعدها، عندما تقوم بسحب عصا التحكم بإتجاهك، سوف تكون قد إرتفعت مقدمة الطائرة، بكمية محددة مرتبطة بدوران معين حول المحور الصحيح. الدالة ProcessKeyboard التالية سوف تقوم بقراءة مدخلات لوحة المفاتيح و بناء عليها تقوم بتغيير قيم الزوايا:
private void ProcessKeyboard(GameTime gameTime) { float leftRightRot = 0; float turningSpeed = (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds / 1000.0f; turningSpeed *= 1.6f * gameSpeed; KeyboardState keys = Keyboard.GetState(); if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) leftRightRot += turningSpeed; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) leftRightRot -= turningSpeed; }
Quaternion additionalRot = Quaternion.CreateFromAxisAngle(new Vector3(0, 0, -1), leftRightRot); xwingRotation *= additionalRot;
ProcessKeyboard(gameTime);
float gameSpeed = 1.0f;
float upDownRot = 0; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) upDownRot += turningSpeed; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) upDownRot -= turningSpeed;
Quaternion additionalRot = Quaternion.CreateFromAxisAngle(new Vector3(0, 0, -1), leftRightRot) * Quaternion.CreateFromAxisAngle(new Vector3(1, 0, 0), upDownRot);
private void MoveForward(ref Vector3 position, Quaternion rotationQuat, float speed) { Vector3 addVector = Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(0, 0, -1), rotationQuat); position += addVector * speed; }
float moveSpeed = gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.Milliseconds / 500.0f * gameSpeed; MoveForward(ref xwingPosition, xwingRotation, moveSpeed);
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Net; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Storage; namespace XNAseries2 { public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { int[] buildingHeights = new int[] { 0, 2, 2, 6, 5, 4 }; GraphicsDeviceManager graphics; GraphicsDevice device; Effect effect; Vector3 lightDirection = new Vector3(3, -2, 5); Matrix viewMatrix; Matrix projectionMatrix; Texture2D sceneryTexture; Model xwingModel; Vector3 xwingPosition = new Vector3(8, 1, -3); Quaternion xwingRotation = Quaternion.Identity; int[,] floorPlan; float gameSpeed = 1.0f; VertexBuffer cityVertexBuffer; VertexDeclaration texturedVertexDeclaration; public Game1() { graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this); Content.RootDirectory = "Content"; } protected override void Initialize() { graphics.PreferredBackBufferWidth = 500; graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight = 500; graphics.IsFullScreen = false; graphics.ApplyChanges(); Window.Title = "Riemer's XNA Tutorials -- Series 2"; LoadFloorPlan(); lightDirection.Normalize(); base.Initialize(); } protected override void LoadContent() { device = graphics.GraphicsDevice; effect = Content.Load<Effect> ("effects"); sceneryTexture = Content.Load<Texture2D> ("texturemap"); xwingModel = LoadModel("xwing"); SetUpVertices(); SetUpCamera(); } private Model LoadModel(string assetName) { Model newModel = Content.Load<Model> (assetName); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in newModel.Meshes) foreach (ModelMeshPart meshPart in mesh.MeshParts) meshPart.Effect = effect.Clone(device); return newModel; } private void LoadFloorPlan() { floorPlan = new int[,] { {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1}, {1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1}, {1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1}, {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1}, {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, }; Random random = new Random(); int differentBuildings = buildingHeights.Length - 1; for (int x = 0; x < floorPlan.GetLength(0); x++) for (int y = 0; y < floorPlan.GetLength(1); y++) if (floorPlan[x, y] == 1) floorPlan[x, y] = random.Next(differentBuildings) + 1; } private void SetUpCamera() { viewMatrix = Matrix.CreateLookAt(new Vector3(20, 13, -5), new Vector3(8, 0, -7), new Vector3(0, 1, 0)); projectionMatrix = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.PiOver4, device.Viewport.AspectRatio, 0.2f, 500.0f); } private void SetUpVertices() { int differentBuildings = buildingHeights.Length - 1; float imagesInTexture = 1 + differentBuildings * 2; int cityWidth = floorPlan.GetLength(0); int cityLength = floorPlan.GetLength(1); List<VertexPositionNormalTexture> verticesList = new List<VertexPositionNormalTexture> (); for (int x = 0; x < cityWidth; x++) { for (int z = 0; z < cityLength; z++) { int currentbuilding = floorPlan[x, z]; //floor or ceiling verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2(currentbuilding * 2 / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 + 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 + 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 1, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 + 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); if (currentbuilding != 0) { //front wall verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, 0, -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(0, 0, -1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); //back wall verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, 0, -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z), new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); //left wall verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, 0, -z), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, 0, -z - 1), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x, 0, -z), new Vector3(-1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); //right wall verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z - 1), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z - 1), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2 - 1) / imagesInTexture, 0))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, 0, -z), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 1))); verticesList.Add(new VertexPositionNormalTexture(new Vector3(x + 1, buildingHeights[currentbuilding], -z), new Vector3(1, 0, 0), new Vector2((currentbuilding * 2) / imagesInTexture, 0))); } } } cityVertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(device, verticesList.Count * VertexPositionNormalTexture.SizeInBytes, BufferUsage.WriteOnly); cityVertexBuffer.SetData<VertexPositionNormalTexture> (verticesList.ToArray()); texturedVertexDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration(device, VertexPositionNormalTexture.VertexElements); } protected override void UnloadContent() { } protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { ProcessKeyboard(gameTime); float moveSpeed = gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.Milliseconds / 500.0f * gameSpeed; MoveForward(ref xwingPosition, xwingRotation, moveSpeed); UpdateCamera(); base.Update(gameTime); } private void UpdateCamera() { Vector3 campos = new Vector3(0, 0.1f, 0.6f); campos = Vector3.Transform(campos, Matrix.CreateFromQuaternion(xwingRotation)); campos += xwingPosition; Vector3 camup = new Vector3(0, 1, 0); camup = Vector3.Transform(camup, Matrix.CreateFromQuaternion(xwingRotation)); viewMatrix = Matrix.CreateLookAt(campos, xwingPosition, camup); projectionMatrix = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.PiOver4, device.Viewport.AspectRatio, 0.2f, 500.0f); } private void ProcessKeyboard(GameTime gameTime) { float leftRightRot = 0; float turningSpeed = (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalMilliseconds / 1000.0f; turningSpeed *= 1.6f * gameSpeed; KeyboardState keys = Keyboard.GetState(); if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) leftRightRot += turningSpeed; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) leftRightRot -= turningSpeed; float upDownRot = 0; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) upDownRot += turningSpeed; if (keys.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) upDownRot -= turningSpeed; Quaternion additionalRot = Quaternion.CreateFromAxisAngle(new Vector3(0, 0, -1), leftRightRot) * Quaternion.CreateFromAxisAngle(new Vector3(1, 0, 0), upDownRot); xwingRotation *= additionalRot; } private void MoveForward(ref Vector3 position, Quaternion rotationQuat, float speed) { Vector3 addVector = Vector3.Transform(new Vector3(0, 0, -1), rotationQuat); position += addVector * speed; } protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime) { device.Clear(ClearOptions.Target | ClearOptions.DepthBuffer, Color.DarkSlateBlue, 1.0f, 0); DrawCity(); DrawModel(); base.Draw(gameTime); } private void DrawCity() { effect.CurrentTechnique = effect.Techniques["Textured"]; effect.Parameters["xWorld"].SetValue(Matrix.Identity); effect.Parameters["xView"].SetValue(viewMatrix); effect.Parameters["xProjection"].SetValue(projectionMatrix); effect.Parameters["xTexture"].SetValue(sceneryTexture); effect.Parameters["xEnableLighting"].SetValue(true); effect.Parameters["xLightDirection"].SetValue(lightDirection); effect.Parameters["xAmbient"].SetValue(0.5f); effect.Begin(); foreach (EffectPass pass in effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Begin(); device.VertexDeclaration = texturedVertexDeclaration; device.Vertices[0].SetSource(cityVertexBuffer, 0, VertexPositionNormalTexture.SizeInBytes); device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, cityVertexBuffer.SizeInBytes / VertexPositionNormalTexture.SizeInBytes / 3); pass.End(); } effect.End(); } private void DrawModel() { Matrix worldMatrix = Matrix.CreateScale(0.0005f, 0.0005f, 0.0005f) * Matrix.CreateRotationY(MathHelper.Pi) * Matrix.CreateFromQuaternion(xwingRotation) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(xwingPosition); Matrix[] xwingTransforms = new Matrix[xwingModel.Bones.Count]; xwingModel.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(xwingTransforms); foreach (ModelMesh mesh in xwingModel.Meshes) { foreach (Effect currentEffect in mesh.Effects) { currentEffect.CurrentTechnique = currentEffect.Techniques["Colored"]; currentEffect.Parameters["xWorld"].SetValue(xwingTransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * worldMatrix); currentEffect.Parameters["xView"].SetValue(viewMatrix); currentEffect.Parameters["xProjection"].SetValue(projectionMatrix); currentEffect.Parameters["xEnableLighting"].SetValue(true); currentEffect.Parameters["xLightDirection"].SetValue(lightDirection); currentEffect.Parameters["xAmbient"].SetValue(0.5f); } mesh.Draw(); } } } }